A layered reading of the NAD+ literature — the coenzyme on the bottom plane, its oral precursors (NMN, NR) stacked above, and the human randomized trials that actually measured blood NAD+ floated to the front.
Medicinal NAD

RESEARCH DIGEST / SOURCES

NAD+ references: the cited study list.

Every quantitative claim on this site maps to one of these sources — human trials, mechanism reviews and pharmacokinetic studies, each with a DOI or PubMed link.

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How to read this list

These are the study citations and DOIs behind the NAD+ digest. Bracketed numbers in the text — [1], [2], and so on — resolve to the entries below. The list spans the human randomized trials of the oral precursors NMN and NR, the mechanism and aging reviews, the human pharmacokinetic data on infused NAD+, and the preclinical work cited as preclinical. Where a study used a precursor (NMN, NR or nicotinamide), the entry is a precursor study, not a study of NAD+ taken directly. Each entry lists authors, journal, year and a resolvable identifier (DOI, PMID or both).

Cited sources

The complete numbered reference list, with DOIs and PubMed URLs, is rendered from the references index below. It includes the Science muscle-insulin-sensitivity NMN trial [1], the CD38 aging-mechanism study [2], the multicenter NMN dose-response trial [3], the NR dose-ranging safety trial [4], the foundational NAD+-in-aging review [5], the NR oral-bioavailability study [6], the chronic NR crossover [7], the older-adult NMN performance trial [8], the NMN single-dose clinical-parameter study [9], the NMN aerobic-capacity trial [10], the NMN oocyte-morphology mouse study [11], the NR mitochondrial-myopathy mouse study [12], the human sarcopenia NAD+ biopsy study [13], the NAMPT-knockdown muscle study [15], and the 2025 Nature Metabolism human-evidence review [16].

  1. Yoshino M, Yoshino J, Kayser BD, et al. Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women. Science. 2021;372(6547):1224-1229. ↗
  2. Camacho-Pereira J, Tarragó MG, Chini CCS, et al. CD38 Dictates Age-Related NAD Decline and Mitochondrial Dysfunction through an SIRT3-Dependent Mechanism. Cell Metab. 2016;23(6):1127-1139. ↗
  3. Yi L, Maier AB, Tao R, et al. The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial. GeroScience. 2023;45(1):29-43. ↗
  4. Conze D, Brenner C, Kruger CL. Safety and Metabolism of Long-term Administration of NIAGEN (Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride) in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial of Healthy Overweight Adults. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):9772. ↗
  5. Covarrubias AJ, Perrone R, Grozio A, Verdin E. NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2021;22(2):119-141. ↗
  6. Trammell SAJ, Schmidt MS, Weidemann BJ, et al. Nicotinamide riboside is uniquely and orally bioavailable in mice and humans. Nat Commun. 2016;7:12948. ↗
  7. Martens CR, Denman BA, Mazzo MR, et al. Chronic nicotinamide riboside supplementation is well-tolerated and elevates NAD+ in healthy middle-aged and older adults. Nat Commun. 2018;9(1):1286. ↗
  8. Kim M, Seol J, Sato T, Fukamizu Y, Sakurai T, Okura T. Effect of 12-Week Intake of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide on Sleep Quality, Fatigue, and Physical Performance in Older Japanese Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study. Nutrients. 2022;14(4):755. ↗
  9. Irie J, Inagaki E, Fujita M, et al. Effect of oral administration of nicotinamide mononucleotide on clinical parameters and nicotinamide metabolite levels in healthy Japanese men. Endocr J. 2020;67(2):153-160. ↗
  10. Liao B, Zhao Y, Wang D, Zhang X, Hao X, Hu M. Nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation enhances aerobic capacity in amateur runners: a randomized, double-blind study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2021;18(1):54. ↗
  11. Habibalahi A, Campbell JM, Bertoldo MJ, et al. Unique Deep Radiomic Signature Shows NMN Treatment Reverses Morphology of Oocytes from Aged Mice. Biomedicines. 2022;10(7):1544. ↗
  12. Schaefer PM, Huang J, Butic A, et al. Nicotinamide riboside alleviates exercise intolerance in ANT1-deficient mice. Mol Metab. 2022;64:101560. ↗
  13. Migliavacca E, Tay SKH, Patel HP, et al. Mitochondrial oxidative capacity and NAD+ biosynthesis are reduced in human sarcopenia across ethnicities. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):5808. ↗
  14. Agerholm M, Dall M, Jensen BAH, et al. Perturbations of NAD+ salvage systems impact mitochondrial function and energy homeostasis in mouse myoblasts and intact skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2018;314(4):E377-E395. ↗
  15. Vinten KT, Trętowicz MM, Coskun E, et al. NAD+ precursor supplementation in human ageing: clinical evidence and challenges. Nat Metab. 2025. ↗